During the XVIth century slavery, although not at its peak, was quite common in Europe and the Mediterranean. Owning slaves was a custom among the wealthy and powerful, and that was the case of our Juan Latino, but also the case of many others, for example, Juan de Pareja, the black man that worked as Velázquez’s aid all his life and who is nowadays exhibited in the Prado Museum; or Juan de Mérida, the “brave black man of Flandes”, who fought alongside the Duke of Alba gaining his freedom and later married the daughter of his former master. But not only in Spain did this take place, Alejandro de Médici, known as “el Moro” (the Moor) was the illegitimate son that Julio de Medici had with his black servant Simonetta. In time he would be acknowledged as rightful son by Lorenzo II de Medici and ended up as Duke of Florence.
Alessandro de Medici, portrait by Bronzino.
As for our Juan Latino, little we know about his origins. It looks like he might have been the son of black slaves bought from Portuguese traders by the family of the Great Captain (Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba) although it is also possible that he would have been the son that Luis Fernández de Córdoba (Great Captain’s son) had with his black slave. There are some that state that he was of Ethiopian origin, some say from Guinea and other believe that he was of Berber ancestry, but the only true facts that we have are that Juan de Sessa (he would change his name to Juan Latino once free) was black, he was a slave and was likely born in Baena (Córdoba).
He was appointed as page of the Duke of Sessa (Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba). Master and slave were of the same age and as a result of that they became such good friends that, when the young Duke was sent to study in Granada he convinced his family to bring his good friend Juan with him, who would therefore receive an education equal to that of his master.
Right from the beginning Juan Latino stood out for his intelligence. He wanted to study Medicine, it looks like he might even have enrolled in various subjects, but his friends, adviser and master (for he was still a slave) convinced him to study Humanities. Therefore he would learn Latin, classic Greek, music, rhetoric, law, etc. He graduated from the University of Granada on February the 2nd of 1546 in what was then known as Liberal Arts. In 1562 he was already an Arts professor at the University. His fame and reputation must have grown considerably since in 1565 he was in charge of the speech that inaugurated the academic year in Granada.
He published several books, one of them he wrote it in verse and in Latin and tells the story of the wars of the Alpujarras praising the figure of Juan de Austria who he befriended during the conflict. This epic poem would later act as inspiration for Juan Rufo’s Austriada. Juan Latino was considered by many the best Latinist of the Golden Spanish Century. Such was his fame that Cervantes itself praised him in the prologue of his famous Don Quijote, and Lope de Vega wrote the following verses in his honor:
“He was not quite white in Granada,
Juan Latino who at a daughter
of a twenty four he taught;
a for he was black and slave
because a slave was his mother
of the pristine Duke of Sessa,
honorable in Spain and Italy,
he came to marry her
who grammar studied
and he taught her to conjugate
and so he turned into his own master and loved.”
Once a free man Juan fell deeply in love with one of his students. Ana de Carleval, white and the son of a councilman of the city of Granada, with he would have four children. Imagine just how difficult this could have been in the United States of America prior to the 50’s.
The date of his death is ignored however we do know that he exceeded the age of ninety, in other words, he could have very well died in the XVIIth century.
In such a long life he taught many students for many students were drawn to his genius. A student of his was the famous Elena (o Eleno) de Céspedes, daughter of slaves, mulatto, transvestite judged by the Inquisition for fraud marriage and the first woman doctor-surgeon. It was considered the first documented case of a transvestite in Europe.
She was born as Elena and even gave birth, but felt as Eleno. She had multiple lovers while being a man up until she married a woman. And that was her doom: she was judged by the Inquisition in Toledo and imprisoned in a remote Hospital in Castille. She was above all an intelligent, traveler, daring woman that managed to graduate in Medicine and Surgery. She was the first woman to be a surgeon in History, although her story is better known for her sexuality.
If you want to know more about this fascinating character, Juan Latino, you might want to read this article published sometime ago here. Now, how good a script this story would make!
NOTE: Unfortunately no documented images of Juan Latino has reached our days, even though the enormous fame he had throughout the Empire during the second half of the XVIth century resulted in Philip II ordering a portrait of this illustrious professor. It is known that the King had the painting in gallery of the Wise Men at the Alcazar in Madrid; but it all burnt during the 1734 fire in the palace, what a loss!